Read this if you…
- want Paul at his most personal, defensive, and emotionally raw
- curious about the "thorn in the flesh" (Paul never tells us what it was)
- like the paradox of divine power made perfect in human weakness
Skip this if you…
- don't want to read explicitly religious/Christian texts
The lineage through 2 Corinthians
- The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri. 2 Corinthians shaped it. - Paul's single strange sentence — *caught up to the third heaven*, 2 Corinthians 12 — became Dante's license to write Paradise - Dante names him directly: *Io non Enea, io non Paulo sono*, "I am not Aeneas, I am not Paul" — measuring his own pilgrim against Paul's rapture - The *Comedy*'s tiered heavens and ascending vision take this Pauline glimpse beyond the body as their precedent
- Confessions by Augustine of Hippo. 2 Corinthians shaped it. - The Pauline grace that the Platonist books could not give Augustine - 2 Corinthians runs through the *Confessions* — "so long as I be absent from You, I am more present with myself than with You" (5:6) anchors Book X, with 1:11 and 6:10 woven alongside - Paul's "earnest of the Spirit" and walking "by faith, not by sight" supply the language Augustine reaches for when reason runs out
- Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. 2 Corinthians shaped it. - Paul's warning that "Satan disguises himself as an angel of light" (11:14) is the line Austen reaches for when Wickham's charm is finally exposed - *Pride and Prejudice* brands the fallen seducer "almost an angel of light" — a quiet biblical brand that tells you exactly how to read his good looks
Depicted in Art
Paul sits in a darkened cell, pen and codex on his lap, a sword leaning beside him — caught mid-composition by a shaft of light from a small window.
Rembrandt van Rijn, 1627
Paul stands on a stone platform in a Greek square, arms raised, preaching to a half-circle of Athenians — the canonical Renaissance image of Paul's Greek mission.
Raphael, 1515
Paul stands with arm outstretched, exhorting a seated crowd of Thessalonians — figures lean in, faces lit; the apostle gestures upward as he preaches.
Gustave Doré, 1866
An elongated Paul gestures toward an open letter inscribed with his own writing — the apostle pictured as author of the epistles.
El Greco, 1610
John stands at the front holding an open New Testament, reading the opening verses of his Gospel; Peter looks over his shoulder holding the golden key.
Albrecht Dürer, 1526
Recommended Editions

King James Version
Oxford University Press · 1611
The most influential and commonly quoted translation in English. The prose rhythm everyone else is responding to, even modern translations.
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Notable Quotes
My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness.
- John Wesley, English founder of Methodism, 1703–1791: "Only the power that makes a world can make a Christian."
- John Calvin, French Reformer & theologian, 1509–1564: "He strengthens us inwardly by his Spirit … so that we do not give up hope and patience."
- N. T. Wright, Anglican bishop & New Testament scholar, b. 1948: The letter moves through tragedy out into the sunlight.
- United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, editors, New American Bible introduction: The most personal of all of Paul's extant writings, it reveals much about his character.
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